Friday, September 4, 2020

Review of Continental Airlines organizational structure Essay Example for Free

Survey of Continental Airlines hierarchical structure Essay 1.Does the authoritative structure of this company help or upset it in accomplishing its hierarchical objectives? Mainland Airlines uses a divisional structure comparative with the administration of its different substances. This auxiliary structure is because of the mind boggling nature of the aeronautics business just as the self-governance required in working a twenty-four hour daily, multi day out of each week overall business. As I would like to think, the basic plan of this association except for Continental Express and Continental Micronesia can truly not be organized in some other manner, and subsequently ought to be viewed as supportive. The aircraft business is an extraordinarily intense business all things considered. The expenses of tasks comparable to benefit per traveler mile are low. This carrier and its supervisory group have risen up out of insolvency and now fly the freshest armada of airplane in the sky today. Executive and CEO Gordon Bethune with his long periods of involvement with the avionics business have managed the open door for Continental to get a larger number of grants for consumer loyalty than some other aircraft. Clearly, this is a long ways from the pre-insolvency days of this aircraft which currently gladly remains as an industry head. (No, I don't work, nor have I at any point worked in the aircraft business). The authoritative structures administration incorporates different notables that have grown up inside the business filling different initiative situations for different aircrafts. It appears like Mr. Bethune has introduced an unbelievably proficient group to guide this organization into what's to come. I cut out Continental Express and Micronesia since they are fundamentally authorized organizations that fly under the Continental banner. Their reality inside the Continental family gives courses to littler and far-eastern goals yet are autonomously overseen and subsequently not considered (by me) as anything over a benefit community on the authoritative outline. 2.If you were to change this association, what issues would you have to consider and why? What might be the points of interest and weaknesses of authoritative change? On the off chance that I had the capacity and experience to impact change for this association, the main issue I would consider would be combination of the carriers inâ general. I address this issue since I don't really feel that combination is such its supposed to be. Greater aircrafts mean greater administration and littler benefit potential. Both of these mean diminished consumer loyalty just as the potential for worker disappointment. Mr. Bethune highly esteems being one of the individuals, he is frequently observed strolling in the terminal, shaking hands and perceiving representatives for working admirably. As an evaluated organization pilot, he is additionally observed on the flight deck of the incidental 757 or 777. It is difficult to envision how the current structure could be improved past what it as of now is. He is showing others how its done as a pioneer should. Should carrier union proceed, the primary favorable position would be for the voyaging open. The client might book an outing far and wide essentially by calling the Continental reservation line. Until that client appears for the excursion to start, he may not understand that hes not even on a Continental flight. That is the excellence of being enormous. The excursion may be comprised of legs flown by Northwest associating with Varig interfacing with Delta associating with Qantas, and so forth. This consistent travel understanding for the client ought to be considered as an advantage to combination. The primary burden may potentially be that the client has no clue about who to call when things turn out badly. He may be abandoned in a remote land after his association with China Airlines dropped and hes not certain about whom to contact to refocus. The second issue I should think about would be obligatory retirement of pilots once they arrive at their sixtieth birthday celebration. Hierarchically, this governmentally commanded strategy debilitates the association. My best and most experienced pilots are being constrained out of my organization. On the off chance that this arrangement is unchangeable, I should figure out how to keep this mind blowing asset glad and utilized in some structure or design that increases my current foundation. This weakness to my association structure is an obstacle that is out of my control yet straightforwardly influences the primary concern comparative with individuals and hierarchical force. Reference: www.continental.com/organization/investor.governance.asp

Tuesday, August 25, 2020

The Importance of Business Ethics Essay Essays

The Importance of Business Ethics Essay Essays The Importance of Business Ethics Essay Paper The Importance of Business Ethics Essay Paper Under the term business morals exposition, we comprehend the arrangement of convictions and virtues, which control the business visionary. Association or organization. These standards direct their choices, impact their approach just as affect their action by and large. Exist business necessities, which are referenced in the organization or association resolution, while the law directs the others. To the rundown of necessities of business morals resolution, it is conceivable to incorporate different issues. They rely upon the sort of the association and the heading of its action. It tends to be natural guidelines, limitations against exchanging, government settings, and so forth. In the organization, the administration assumes an essential job. It ought to obligatorily be guided by a particular arrangement of guidelines, which will direct the choices and fills in as a guide for organization conduct. Initiative divisions rule the workers of the entire organization, and they need to adhere to explicit guidelines and standards to maintain a strategic distance from turmoil. On the off chance that they base the movement of the organization or association on the suitable business morals strategy, it raises the status of the association as a rule. It will likewise make an enduring beneficial outcome. Later on, it will assist with drawing in numerous customers and gain their credit. Concerning the business morals for workers, a CEO of the association needs to understand the way that they will follow the built up resolution. The conduct of the laborers relies straightforwardly upon the arrangement actualized by their managers. Laborers settle on better choices and act better under the direction of appropriate moral guidelines. The organization needs to develop such qualities as trustworthiness and uprightness. It assists with expanding the efficiency of an individual and adds to the general advancement of the organization. It likewise encourages the directors group to fathom moral quandaries or one-sided circumstances. Specificities of business morals exposition The significance of business morals strategy in the organization is undoubtful. It not just impacts the general status of the organization yet in addition directly affects its turns of events and productivity. It controls the notoriety of the association and fills in as a basic factor in assisting with drawing in the potential contributing bodies. In the event that the organization works as per the moral standards, its odds to prevail in the market are a lot higher. Genuine and prosperous these days are endeavoring to be socially mindful. A littler association endeavoring to succeed need to follow this model and endeavor to execute and develop moral strategies. Every youthful business visionary needs to make a business morals article to manufacture a strong ground for one’s organization. Compelling speculators and legitimate subsidizing bodies rather will pick the organization that works moral convictions and rules instead of association, which overlooks them. Observing and developing a particular principles assists with drawing in a progressively critical number of customers too. The idea of business morals exposition assumes the conversation of the need of adhering to the ethical standards and assuming liability for one’s activities. It ought to be saved both by private venture spots just as by huge powerful organizations. To acquire the regard of the clients, your partners and get the help of the unmistakable speculators, one needs to adhere to standards and good standards. Business morals paper examines the variables that legitimately impact the turns of events and notoriety of a specific entrepreneur’s association. Business morals play in this rundown one of the most vital jobs. Conduct, strategy, dynamic procedure, customary traditions, and desires oversee morals. Adhering to legitimate behavior and developing high virtues assists with making profitability and pull in the consideration regarding one’s organization. Step by step instructions to make a business morals paper The production of the morals marketable strategy diagram is basic. To make a compelling business morals paper one needs to adhere to explicit measures. It will permit shaping a functioning and sense-stacked sythesis. Essentially, one needs to adhere to the structure, which incorporates the initial part, primary body, and end. In the introduction, one needs to acquaint the objective peruser with the theme. The writer needs to give general material depicting the issue and establishing the pace for the entire composition. The last sentence of the presentation is the theory. The proposition is the skeleton of the business morals article, which will empower the objective peruser to get the primary concern of the author. The following area is the fundamental body. It needs to involve numerous strong contentions identified with the proposal. You need to improve the contentions with convincing models. The last basic part is the end. It ought to contain the speculation of all information introduced in the content. It likewise needs to contain the reference to a proposal. One can reword it and include a short remark. The last sentence of the end needs to contain the call to activities sentence. By and large, business morals article must be sense-stacked and educational. It needs to portray the need of the making of the business morals exposition.  It can likewise determine all the vital subtleties associated with the thought of business morals. The content needs to incorporate the genuine models and involves all the data that will empower the objective peruser to see the reasonable picture. Attempt to bode well stacked. Present the data in a reasonable and consolidated manner. Execute helpful for the peruser data. Request business morals exposition on paperap.com To compose a business morals article, one needs to have a specific degree of composing aptitudes and have the experience of production of a strategy model. For certain essayists, having no understanding, it might be testing. paperap.com is one of expert marketable strategy composing administrations, which can furnish snappy and effective help with the conveyance of this kind of scholarly task. We recruit a team of cutting edge creators, who can adapt to the assignment of any degree of intricacy. To get field-tested strategy help from our masters, one needs to enter the site, make a request, notice the cutoff time and hold up until the team of authority readies a superior quality task. We offer the best conditions for the customers. The administration works day in and day out. You can get to it whenever and make a request. We enlist a team of cutting edge specialists who can adapt to the errand of any degree of unpredictability. They know about all the gauges and prerequisites. Our specialists consider all the requests of the clients. We develop the customer situated approach and permit customers to apply for the boundless number of amendments. We additionally offer adaptable evaluating strategy for perpetual clients just as standard limits. Quit searching for questionable stages, which will ruin your nerves and notoriety. On our administration works the clients bolster office. You can go to our experts whenever and get a conference. You can pose any inquiries. These authorities will likewise assist you with communicating with the specialists dealing with your request. They can rapidly and effectively unravel all the issues that you stress over. In the event that you have an earnest need to prepare your business morals article contact paperap.com! Here you will get the best business morals exposition!

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Merton And Gandi Essays - Pacifism, Gandhism, Mystics, Thomas Merton

Merton And Gandi The Beliefs of Thomas Merton and Mahatma Gandhi David Wardwell Religion and Personal Experience . Thomas Merton and Mahatma Gandhi both talk about God in an individual manner. The two of them talk about God as truth. Acclaimed Thomas Merton, Trappist American priest, was a customary Christian. Conceived in France in 1915 and kicked the bucket in Asia in 1968 Merton was incredibly affected by the complexities of the twentieth century. His works filled in as an individual may as he continued looking for God.. He sought after the rising way towards the interminable realm of truth, towards paradise, while leaving the universe of shadowy presence behind. Truth would be an energy of his life. He likewise willingly volunteered to talk in the interest of the disappointed of the word. Thomas Merton was a dynamic, present day man who subscribed to a long lasting quest for a significant and legitimate lifestyle. He had just one want and that was the craving for isolation to vanish into God, to be lowered in his tranquility, to be lost in the mystery of his face. This solitary enthusiasm and endless vitality drove him to consolidate in one life an exceptional assortment of jobs, productive otherworldly essayist and writer, priest and loner, social extremist, all while living at the Trappist religious community in Gethsemani, Kentucky. Merton, a priest under a pledge of quiet, discovered notoriety by not looking for it, by talking reality. Much can be said with the acclaim ?reality will liberated your? Merton gave a way that is as yet liberating individuals. Opportunity from quiet. Many feel that a religious community is an asylum to escape from the real factors of this present reality. Merton considered it to be helping salvage the world from the new dull ages. ?In the evening of our innovative savageness, priests must be as trees which exist quietly in obscurity and by their indispensable nearness sanitize the air.? Some trust Merton's reality was the religious community grounds, the entire world was. He accepted that all people are to be seen and rewarded as Christ. Inability to do this, includes judgment for traitorousness to the most essential of uncovered certainties. Experiences with Christ must be trailed by the experiences and both must be knowledgeable about a similar love. It's an adoration that liberates, not an affection that needs to have or control. The incomparable Indian educator, Mahatma Gandhi, reasoning was fundamentally the same as. Merton adored individuals, however he additionally cherished nature. He instructed us to start ?by figuring out how to see and regard the noticeable creation which reflects the magnificence and the flawlessness of the imperceptible God?. Everything that encompasses us, the trees, the sea, the waves, the sky, the sun, the winged animals, it is in this that we will discover our answers. God is ubiquitous; we don't see this since we are not pondering. Merton accepted a Christian culture is one in which men give a lot of work and knowledge and consequently get a lot of the products of the work, which is found in the Kingdom of God, a general public focused upon the celestial truth and the perfect kindness. In such a general public the prophetic job of the priest would be satisfied, as in his renunciation of the privilege of proprietorship was a certification of God's responsibility for and of man's entitlement to be a holder just to the extent that he was happy to impart to others what he didn't require. Merton didn't feel affected to get engaged with political deeds. He accepted the priest's obligation was to develop cognizance and mindfulness be that as it may, truth and God requested he stand up uproariously and regularly against all types of war. He expressed that the Vietnam war was a case of Americans considering their to be as the focal point of the world, forcing their will, for the sake of opportunity, on more vulnerable countries that may hold them up. It was an unnecessary obliteration of human life, an assault of a culture which could just prompt the passing of the soul of a depleted people. He saw men endeavoring to haggle for harmony, and coming up short in light of the fact that their dread overbalanced their actual cooperative attitude. ?The base of all war is dread.?

Consumer behaviour Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Customer conduct - Case Study Example Various processing plants have been shut and retail organize for conveyance of its items decreased. The organization simply employed a profoundly equipped CEO1 who has involvement with business make ups and making and supporting brands, picture and client dedication. A SWOT2 examination of the organization demonstrates that it stands to appreciate various business openings if certain things are accomplished. The firm has a few qualities that would expand its upper hand. The organization, be that as it may, faces difficulties as far as potential dangers from the market just as interior shortcomings, which might be limited. A few systems and activity focuses are recommended as measures to reestablish the company’s brilliance and recover its piece of the overall industry to improve business execution. Among them is the usage of a detailed advertising and advancement crusade, setting up a far reaching client relations program, re-foundation of retail circulation systems, extension to new markets and expansion of existing item run. Presentation Levi Strauss and Co is an untouched American brand garments store that has been in the San Francisco clothing market for a long time. It faces various obstacles in continuing business development force. ... The organization has throughout the previous three years confronted a harsh business territory with plunging deals, cutbacks, infrequent plant closings, and an inability to charm certain market fragments to take up its items. The organization simply designated Mr. Philip Marineau, a careful and veteran showcasing official from PepsiCo Inc., as CEO to turnaround its fortunes and restore its essence in the market for development. Philip’s mission is to bring back the organization to its previous business greatness and more by restoring powerful client relations, dispatch progressively important items and improve existing ones guided by the necessities of clients and attempt viable advancements, promoting and advertising for the items. This paper will give an investigation of Levi Strauss by tending to the issue, leading a circumstance examination, surveying elective choices and settling on firm and implementable choices to enable the CEO to accomplish his ideal targets (Case Stu dy notes). Issue Statement The principle issue of Levi Strauss as clarified in the prior foundation is the inability to react to various requirements of various client classes in its market. In particular, the organization has neglected to rapidly react to form patterns for its young market in the material business therefore losing a huge piece of the overall industry to contenders, for example, JNCO and Kikwear among others. The fall of a lion's share of the company’s retail conveyance systems has additionally been a major issue as far as keeping up continued or much more grounded nearness in the market. The organization has consistently neglected to grasp dynamic market needs and is stuck on conventional styles that at present

Friday, August 21, 2020

BOOK Report ---the Death Of Ivan Ilyitch Example

BOOK Report BOOK Report The Death of Ivan Ilyitc Hypocrisy and trickery are a lifestyle among the individuals around Ivan. More awful yet, most peopleare mindful of it however decide to overlook it. As Ivan develops turns out to be sick, the lip service around him upsets him as much as his disease. Tolstoy depicts the general public as narrow minded and voracious individuals who couldn't care less for genuine human connections. He recommends that voracity makes hindrances to appropriate living.Peters crossing-bowing route after entering the passing chamber portrays affectation. Praskovya welcomed Peter into her drawing room. This was not for joint solace. It was to discover how she could use her husband’s annuity. The knickknacks and furniture hypothesize deterrents to correspondence. Praskovyas shawl, caught by the glorious table edge, is as an assault on the useless society life.Peter and Fedor were Ivan’s companions, yet when they heard he is dead, their lone concern was their own advanceme nts (Tolstoy 18). Fedor didn't try to go to Ivans administration, and Peter just went from a feeling of impulse. Schwartz is the most tricky character. While Peter got very influenced by Ivans passing at the administration, Schwartz is completely unaffected.Ivans widow is likewise bogus. Together with Peter, they experience grieving exercises. They do things since it is right than on the grounds that they feel any sorrow for Ivan. Doing what is proper causes them to feel better for themselves (Tolstoy 29). Gerasim has all the earmarks of being the main legitimate individual in Ivan’s world. He is the one in particular who sees that Ivan is passing on and can console him. He comprehends that Ivan experiences dread of death and gives him sympathy. Gerasim is earnest since he mindful of his definitive passing in a way no other individual is. He realizes that he will kick the bucket, as Ivan is biting the dust now (Tolstoy 33).Though Ivans condition is disheartening, the speciali st despite everything isn't unguarded with him. The specialist doesn't reveal to Ivan that he is passing on. Ivan perceives this and relates the lying specialist with the normal class. This got seen as an affirmation that his work life was bogus. Ivan reasons that maybe his work life, family life, fellowships, and everything else was false.Tolstoy, Leo. The Death of Ivan Ilyich and Other Stories. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 2004.

Saturday, August 8, 2020

Creating the Holidays the Way You Want Them

Creating the Holidays the Way You Want Them The Holiday Haze This Thanksgiving, I spent my holiday in Dallas with my brother-in-law’s family. They have been very warm and welcoming to me, which I truly appreciate. And there are challenges spending a holiday with a family that’s not mine. Being the personal growth enthusiast and spiritually oriented person that I am, I tend to want to reflect over Thanksgiving dinner on my own gratitude, and to hear from everyone at the table what they are thankful for. At my brother-in-law’s parents’ table, I don’t feel empowered to create that experience. In fact, I’ve been warned that requesting such a ritual would not go over well with this family. In the holiday haze, it’s easy to get lost in what other people want. And it’s not very satisfying or nourishing. After the experience I had at Thanksgiving, I became more aware of social dynamics and what kinds of interactions and communications at a gathering feel nourishing to me. Getting Satisfied Last week, I attended the birthday party of my long-time friend Bruce. After some time had passed with small groups in isolated conversations about topics like the movie A Star is Born, the birthday boy announced that he wanted everyone to come together. We gladly obliged and many of us, with the group intact, shared meaningful stories about Bruce and appreciated him for his strengths. I noticed myself feeling much more present and enjoying being part of the circle much more than when the group was fragmented. I ended up staying at the event for hours. I organized two events myself this season, one on the first night of Hanukkah and one on the last night. At both, the conversation remained a group conversation, and I had no doubt but that I belonged, that everyone there belonged, and that the sense of cohesion was a draw for all of us to want to be together and see each other again. Bucking the System So often, I doubt myself and my intuition, think maybe the other person or people won’t want what I want, don’t even ask for the thing that feels right to me. Or I think I have to follow the original plan, even if I change my mind and don’t like it anymore. I’m watching myself carefully this season, listening to my gut and asserting my desires more. Today, that was as simple as suggesting that I meet a friend at a café instead of at her house (the original plan) because, well, just because it’s what I wanted. What does it look like for you to create your holiday experience the way you want it? With whom and where do you want to spend your time? What conversations do you want to have? What would make you feel truly satisfied? I invite you not to compromise, even if you think other people won’t like your ideas. You might be pleasantly surprised.

Tuesday, June 23, 2020

Recrystallization of Benzoic Lab Report - 275 Words

Recrystallization of Benzoic Lab Report (Lab Report Sample) Content: NameProfessorRecrystallization of Benzoic Lab ReportDateIntroductionThe objective of this experiment is to isolate benzoic acid from an impure sample by use of a recrystallization. Another objective is to learn recrystallization technique. Percentage recovery of benzoic acid will also be determined by recrystallization method (One Part of Chemistry 2011).ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂ A pure substance is a homogeneous substance which contains of molecules which have the same structure and molecular weight. However, some substances which are believed to be pure can possibly contain tiny quantities of contaminants. This involves synthesis of products during the reaction, unused reactants, inorganic substances, and solvents. Recrystallization method may be utilized in order to purify a sample and thus help get rid of the impurities (One Part of Chemistry 2011).Recrystallization utilizes the advantage on the differences in terms of the solubility of the products of interest and impurities to acquire the purified desired products. Nearly all solutes are soluble when placed in hot solvents than when in cold solvents. Consequently, when a sample dissolves in a hot solvent although it is inadequate to dissolve it by use of a cold solvent, the crystals are expected to form as the hot solution is left to cool. In some cases impurities which are present in a given sample are more insoluble with the better choice of the best solvent. What will remain after afterwards is mostly the sample of interest (One Part of Chemistry 2011).Apparatus and MaterialsErlenmeyer flask (125 cm3), a funnel, a hotplate, beaker, boiling chips, charcoal and benzoic acidProcedure1.0 g of a sample of crude benzoic acid was weighed and placed into a 125 cm3 Erlenmeyer flask. Then 100 cm3 of water was boiled in a beaker which appropriately placed on a hotplate together boiling chips. An Erlenmeyer flask which contained little water and boiling chips was then heated on a hot plate, with a funnel positioned on its neck.A filter paper was the consequently fluted so as to fit the funnel. Some boiling chips were then added into benzoic acid. Hot water was then added drop by drop into the benzoic acid until it begun to dissolve. At this stage 0.2 g of activated charcoal was then applied in order to decolorize it. The hot solution was then filtered via fluted filter paper. The filtrate was collected in a heated flask (One Part of Chemistry 2011).The originally used flask with its filter paper was then rinsed by use of a little hot water. The benzoic acid solution was then taken off the hot plate and afterwards allowed to cool at the room temperature and pressure conditions for 5 minutes. Benzoic acid solution was then cooled in an ice bath for about 10 minutes. Benzoic acid crystals were then harvested by use of a suction filtration method. Vacuum was allowed to pull on the funnel for about 5 minutes. The filter paper containing crystals was then transferre d on to a clean piece of filter paper. The crystals were then allowed to air-dry. The percentage recoveries as well the melting point of benzoic acid were determined (One Part of Chemistry 2011).Results and DiscussionWeight of crude benzoic acid was found to be 2.0007 g and that of the filter paper was 0.8459 g. Weight of benzoic acid crystals together with the filter paper was 1.8776 g and that of benzoic acid crystals was measured as 1.0317 g. The melting point of the collected benzoic acid crystals was determined as 120 ÂC. Percent Recovery is defined as the ratio weight of the compound recovered against the weight of the original sample and then expressed as a percentage. Percent recovery was therefore determined as: (1.0317 ÃÆ' 2.0007) * 100 = 51.57%. Loss of product is therefore 48.87%. This value of loss was much higher might be due addition of water. Thus the product must have been lost to the solution. In addition some of the product must have been adsorbed on the su rfaces of the activated charcoal (One Part of Chemistry 2011).Relative Accuracy Melting Point of the experiment was determined by the calculation of the ratio melting point of benzoic acid to that of recovered benzoic acid by 100. Thus Relative Accuracy of Melting Point was 120/122 * 100 = 98.36% (One Part of Chemistry 2011).ConclusionExcess use of activated charcoal leads to collection of grey crystals. Right quantities of charcoal should therefore be determined for one to harvest quality and pure crystals by the process of recrystallization. Only a small part of charcoal is required for the decolorizing effect. The percent yield was found to be 51.57% may be due to the loss to solution by over dilution effect as well as charcoal adsorption. More improvements are then highly recommendable in order to better the results (One Part of Chemistry 2011).Answers to the Questions on the End the Laboratory Manual 1 During recrystallization, an orange solution of a compound in hot alcohol w as treated with activated carbon and then filtered through fluted paper on cooling; the filtrate gave grey crystals, although the compound was reported as colorless. Explain why the crystals were gray and describe steps that you would take to obtain a colorless product.The collected crystals should have been contaminated with charcoal powder. More than necessary activated charcoal must have been used in the process. To correct for this outcome, only 1 to 5% of the carbon bys mass will be used as compared to the original mass of the sample which is being purified. Only small quantities of charcoal are enough for the purposes of decolorization. 2 The solubility of compound A is ethanol is 0.8g/ 100mL at 0 ÂC and 5.0g per 100mL at 78ÂC. What is the minimum amount of ethanol needed to recrystallize 12.0g sample of compound A? How much would be lost in recrystallization, that is, would remain in the cold solvent?Let R to be the volume of ethanol required for recrystallization and S be the m...

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Competitive Challenge Nike - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 25 Words: 7539 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? With widely globalization movement, managers in MNCs have to be continually involved into the challenges that mainly include competitive and collaborative challenge. Facing the challenges, Nike has always been a leading sports product organization. Thus, it is meaningful to analyze Nikes global success which will benefit from obtaining relevant international management issues. The aim of this project is to reveal Nikes competitive advantages in global market and especially focus on company strategies in Chinese market. In order to achieve practical guidance, some theoretical tools will be adopted. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Competitive Challenge Nike" essay for you Create order The project will firstly introduce a literature review which provides the underpinning and explanation of these analysis tools. In the following, Nike company analysis will be discussed into four aspects. The first aspect will examine the national business environment of Nike in the USA by using Porters diamond. In the second and third section, Bartlett and Ghoshals theory will be used to analyze both the competitive challenge and the collaborative challenge of Nike in China. Hofstede culture dimensions will be adopted to analyze the cultural challenge Nike is confronted. Finally, it comes to the conclusion. 1.2 Company overview Through an investment of $500 each by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman, the company (then called Blue Ribbon SportsBLS) was founded in 1964.It has evolved from an importer and distributor of running shoes to the world biggest leader of athletic footwear. Our business model today is basically the same as our model in 1964.It is that we invest our money in design, development, marketing and sales and then contract with other companies to manufacture our products. Knight developed Nikes business model when he was attending Stanford Business School in the early 1960s.He realized that most leading footwear companies were still producing their own shoes in higher-cost countries like the United States and Germany while he US consumer appliance and electronic markets, were starting to be taken over by lower-cost, high-quality Japanese producers. Knight believed that Blue Ribbon Sports could sell in a lower price by distributing its production to Japanese producers to break into this market. So Blue Ribbon Sports began to import high-tech sports shoes from Onitsuka Tiger of Japan. BLS began to have its own branches of shoes, as sales increased to almost $2 million in the early 1970s. The company officially changed its name to Nike, Inc. in 1978.At the beginning time Nike developed a strong working relationship with two Japanese shoe manufacturers, Nippon Rubber and Nihon-Koyo, but as a combination of a tighter labor market, the impact of the first Oil. Crisis on Japans economy, and a shift in the dollar/yen exchange rate in the 1970s, Nike began to search for other producers. Nike established its ow n shoe factories in Maine and New Hampshire to develop a reliable and high-quality production to supply its growing domestic market during these same years. The company also began to contact potential suppliers in Korea, Thailand, China and Taiwan. As costs continued to increase in both Japan and the United States, by the early 1980s, and the Korean government created many incentives to develop Koreas footwear industry, Nike closed its US factories and sourced almost all of its production from Asia. In 1982, 86% of Nikes athletic footwear came from Korea and Taiwan. However, costs also began to increase in the two countries. Nike had to urge its suppliers to re-locate search for other owner-cost countries to relocate their operations. Then the company opened up their factories in Indonesia, China and Vietnam. Nike was able to help its lead vendors establish an extensive network of footwear factories throughout Southeast Asia by guaranteeing a number of important orders and by placing Nike employees at these new factories. At the present, Nikes products are manufactured in more than 700 factories, employing over 500,000 workers in 51 countries of which only 22658 are directs employees, the majority working in the United States. Over the years, Nike has broadened its product range. Whereas in 1980, Nike sold 175 different styles of shoes, it offered many different styles in its spring collection. The company has also focused on apparel and sports equipment and expanded its sales to Europe, Latin America and Asia. Last year, Nike made about $9.5 billion in revenues, of which 59% came from footwear sales and 29% from apparel. 2 Literature Review 2.1 Porters national competitive advantage Michael Porter (1990) meticulously introduced a model that intended to answer the questions, why do some nations succeed and others fail in international competition? and why some industries within nations are more competitive than others are in his book The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Porter (1990) states that the sources of competitive advantage can be found in the national diamond, comprising four major economic attributes: factors conditions, demand conditions, supporting industries and firm strategy and structure. Porter believed that the four elements have bilateral impacts, forming a diamond system. Besides, there are two variables: the Government role and opportunities. The opportunity is beyond control, and the impact of government policies can not be ignored. All the determinants comprise a diagram as follow. Factor conditions Factor conditions can be categorized into two forms: Home-Grown resources and highly specialized resources. The first one referred to the original resources from one nation. And the latter one pointed out that a country creates its own important factors such as skilled resources and technological base. In the actual competition, Porter (1990) stated that sufficient in natural resources or low cost factors often result in inefficient allocation of resources. By contraries, local insufficient in factors of production could lead to innovation. Also, resource constraints may encourage development of substitute capabilities. For example, Japans relative lack of raw materials has stimulated miniaturization and zero-defect manufacturing (Grant, 1991). Demand conditions According to Porter (1990), demand conditions in the domestic market provide the primary driver of growth, innovation and quality improvement. A strong domestic market could be seen as stimulation to the firm from being a startup to a slightly expanded and bigger organization. For example, the worlds famous automobile companies like Mercedes, BMW, and Porsche in the case of German have dominated the world when it comes to the high-performance segment of the world automobile industry. However, in German, automobiles with a cheaper price in the market have little competitive advantage. The reasons could be attributed to the demand conditions in domestic market. The Germany market traditionally demanded a high level of engineering performance. Also, the transport infrastructure of Germany such as Autobahns does tend to favor high-performance automobiles. Related and supporting industries The third determinant of national advantage is the presence in the nation of related and supporting industries that are internationally competitive. Based on Porters view, when local supporting industries are competitive, related company will enjoy more cost effective and innovative inputs. Secondly, this effect is strengthened when the suppliers themselves are strong global competitors. Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry Inevitably, the strategies and the structure of the firms play a key role to influence the national performance in particular sectors. Also, competition indeed has a great impact on driving innovation and the subsequent up gradation of competitive advantage. Obviously, domestic competition is more direct compared with the impact of foreign competitors. So the stimulus provided by home national competition is higher in terms of innovation and efficiency. As an example, in the Japanese electronic industry, there are many local competitors (Panasonic, Sony, Toshiba, Mitsubishi and so on) providing intense competition in the domestic market, as well as the foreign markets in which they compete. Governments role Despite the impact from Government policies and regulations do not belongs to the major determinant of national advantage, to some extent, they play an important role on influencing the national system. Porter (1990) pointed out Governments proper role is as a catalyst and challenger. At first, government can provide a basic environment for industry development, since it could invest on infrastructure development, opening up capital channels, training information integration and so on. Also, governments can create new opportunities and pressures through intervene activity. In addition, governmental sourcing could enlarge product demand. What is most important, the government could ensure that the domestic market is under lively competition, avoiding Trust status. Opportunities Opportunities can not be met rectifiable, and one opportunity could influence the four elements to change. Porter (1990) pointed out that, in terms of the enterprise development, there are several circumstances when chances are brought: the basis of scientific and technological inventions, fault emerging in traditional technologies, a sudden increase the cost of production caused by external factors (such as the oil crisis), financial markets or major changes in the exchange rate, market demand surge, the governments major policy decisions and war. In fact, the opportunity is a two-way. It is quite often that new competitors gain an advantage accompanying with an advantage concession of other competitors. And only when enterprise could continually meet the new needs of manufacturers, opportunities will be developed. Flaws in Porters diamond Although Porters model is widely used, it also has a number of critics. Firstly, Dunning (1993) pointed out that there is nothing new in Porters diamond analysis. Dunning commented that a countrys competitive advantages were under the impact of globalization of production and markets. He also pointed out that value generating assets of a country has been taking the form of created assets like human capital instead of the natural assets like land and untrained labor. Thus, Dunning considered that Porters diamond of national competitive advantages was required to be transnational since widespread globalization of the world economy. Secondly, Rugman and DCrusz (1993) stated that Porters diamond underestimated the importance of foreign investment. This model could not adequately explain the competitive advantages of developing countries which heavily depend on foreign direct investment. (Lee, 1998) And they also commented that this model is incomplete for small economics which are not pa rts of the trial nations and is only applicable to triad nations. Thus, they thought Porter only thought over the exports and outward FDI of domestic industries and further neglected the sales abroad by foreign subsidiaries. Whats more, Bosh and Proijen (1992) stated that Porter paid too much attention on the importance of culture while evaluating the international competitive advantages. Meanwhile, Ball and McCulloch (1999) implied that this models evidence is anecdotal without empirical evidence. And it is an ex-post model and has no predictive powers since the number of variables lead to weaken any predictions, in particular inclusion of chance into the equation. To sum up, Porters diamond still is a useful tool to examine competitive advantages although it has insufficient application. 2.2 Competitive challenge MNEs need to create and sustain competitive advantages to overwhelm the competitive challenges from the global competitors. There are a great many of varied prescriptions about selecting strategies to develop advantages. It is argued that one of the successful strategies is to produce products standardized and sell them throughout the market via the same ways (Levitt 1983). On the contrary, some scholars suggest that, rather than single product, a relatively broader product portfolio with products diversity can enable the share of investment (Hamel and Prahalad 1985). In addition, Porter et al (1982) indicted that, to implement global strategy effectively, it needs a number of approaches including exploiting economics of scale via global volume and managing interdependently to achieve synergies across different activities. Two basic types of competitive advantage which are lower cost and differentiation are suggested by Porter (1990) as well. Porter points out that, to achieve competitive advantage, it is necessary for a firm to provide customers with values more efficiently (low cost) or to create greater values and charge a premium price in a more special way (differentiation) than its rivals. By contrary of the above statements, to build up competitive advantage sustainably, MNEs are suggested to achieve three strategic objectives which are global efficiency, multinational flexibility and worldwide learning (Bartlett et al. 2008). However, it challenges almost all MNEs to achieve all of these objectives at the same time. Efficiency can be considered as the ratio of the value of a firms output to the value of its input while Flexibility means the the ability of a company to manage the risks and exploit the opportunities that arise from the volatility of a global environment (Bartlett et al., 2008, p.200). The last objective refers to the ability of a firm to learn from its exposure and opportunities internationally, and to apply the learning in a global environment. For the purpose of building up global competitive advantage, it is suggested three fundamental tools: exploiting differences in sources in sourcing and market potential across countries, exploiting economies of scope and exploiting economies of scale (Bartlett et al. 2008, p.201). Factors which may lead to competitive advantage are indicated by every goals-means intersection indicates (Bartlett et al., 2008). Table 1 shows the varied goals and means to achieve competitive advantage throughout the world. Table 1: Worldwide Advantage: Goals and Means StrategicObjectives Sources of Competitive Advantage National Differences Scale Economies Scope Economies Achieving efficiency in current operations Benefiting from differences in facto costs-wages and cost of capital Expanding and exploiting potential scale economies in each activity Sharing of investments and costs across markets and business Managing risks through multinational flexibility Managing different kinds of risks arising from market-or policy-induced changes in comparative advantages of different countries Balancing scale with strategic and operational flexibility Portfolio diversification of risks and creation of options and side bets Innovation, teaming, and adaptation Learning from societal differences in organizational and managerial processes and systems Benefiting from experience- cost reduction and innovation Shared learning across organizational components in different products, markets, or businesses Source: Bartlett et al. (2008), p203 There are four strategies which can enable exploiting competitive advantage through different goal-means combinations (Bartlett et al., 2008): Multinational strategy achieves most strategic goals by emphasizing national differences. The firms which have adopted this strategy tend to operate business based on local environment. They are flexible and responsive to local environment, but there is a lack of capability to learn globally within these firms owing to the fact that almost all national units operate independently. Based on the worldwide environment, international companies apply all the approaches to create and exploit innovations. This approach is helpful to strengthen the ability of developing innovations and leveraging knowledge on a worldwide basis; however it is challenged by the problem of deficiencies in both respects of efficiency and flexibility. All the means are applied by MNEs which adopt global strategy to realize global efficiency. However, flexibility and worldwide learning this kind of approach may be negatively influenced by this kind of approach. What is more, high sourcing risks may be resulted from the focus of activities of achieving scale economies. The three traditional strategies discussed above respectively possess unique assumptions about how to build up worldwide competitive advantage. Multinational companies emphasize differentiation, international companies focus on innovations, and global companies concentrate on building the best-cost position. It is indicated that a global industry can be more successful than a multinational one in some industries (Yip 1989). Additionally, Yip (1989) also suggested that a balance between overglobalizing and underglobalizing can be found in most successful strategies. Nevertheless, Bartlett et al. (2008) believed that the best strategy should be consisted of syntheses of all these approaches. It suggests that MNEs should adopt the transnational strategies which focus on exploiting each and every goal-means combination to develop layers of competitive advantage by exploiting efficiency, flexibility, and learning simultaneously (Bartlett et al., 2008). Strategic orientation and configurat ion of assets and capabilities vary with the four types of companies, which is shown by table 2. Table 2: Strategic Orientation and Configuration of Assets and Capabilities in Multinational, International, Global, and Transnational Companies Multinational International Global Transnational Strategic orientation Building flexibility to respond to national differences through strong, resourceful, and entrepreneurial national operations Exploiting parent-company knowledge, capabilities through worldwide diffusion and adaptation Building cost advantages through centralized, global-scale operations Developing global efficiency flexibility, worldwide learning capability simultaneously Configuration Of assets and capabilities Decentralized and nationally self-sufficient Sources of core competencies centralized, others decentralized Centralized and globally scaled Dispersed, interdependent, and specialized Source: Bartlett et al (2008), p206 2.3 Collaborative challenge A number of organizations tend to cooperate with other parties such as their suppliers, distributors and competitors, when they believe that it is difficult to develop and enhance the global competitive advantages in the increasingly complex global environment (Bartlett et al. 2008). The strategic alliance is viewed as the most important collaborative strategy, which is to set the cooperative relationships between MNEs and their rivals (Bartlett et al. 2008). Bartlett (2008) stated that strategic alliances had become central components of most MNE strategies The strategic alliances is divided into two categories namely scale alliances and link alliances (Daniels et al., 2007). Moreover, Griffin and Pustay (2005) identified two broad types of the strategic alliance, which includes the comprehensive and functional alliance. The latter one includes production alliance, marketing alliances, financial alliances and RD alliances. The alliances assist of some types such as cooperation agreement, franchising and joint venture (Bartlett et al., 2008). There are some differences between the traditional joint venture and the new forms of strategic alliances. The traditional form seems to be used for a senior multinational firm in an industrialized country and a junior local partner in a less-developed or less-industrialized country. The new strategic alliances tend to serve the organization in industrialized countries. At the same time, the modern alliances concentrate on the development and innovation of new products and technologies rather than t he distribution of existing ones. What is more, the present-day strategic alliances seem not to survive for a long time to contribute for the companies. There are some main reasons that the companies need to set the collaborative arrangement. Daniels et al. (2007) identified two groups of motivations. In the first place, the companies need to consider the general reasons, which involve spread and reduce costs, specialize in competencies, avoid or counter competition, secure vertical and horizontal links, and learn from other companies. The second one is the specific reasons, including gain location-specific assets, overcome legal constraints, diversify geographically, and minimize exposure in risky environments. However, Bartlett et al. (2008) outlined that there are five significant motivated issues to support the building of strategic alliances: technology exchange, global competition, industry convergence, economies of scale and reduction of risk, and alliances as an alternative to merger. Bartlett et al. (2008) also identified the risks and costs of collaboration. The collaborative alliances could create the opportunities for one or both cooperators to enhance the competitive advantages better than other, and there is the risk that collaborating with a competitor might be a precursor to a takeover by one of the final (Bartlett et al. 2008). Therefore, the organizations need to have the capability to manage the cooperated relationship in order to reduce the collaborative risks. There are three dominating challenges namely managing the boundary, managing knowledge flows, and providing strategic directions. However, there are some principles set to estimate which companies benefit most from competitive collaborations. These principles include as: collaboration is competition in a different form; harmony is not the most important measure of success; cooperation has limits; learning from partners is paramount. 2.4 Cultural challenge Understanding culture differences and diversifications is vital for MNCs managers in international business and foreign affairs. In this context, the major task for MNCs is to adapt different culture in different countries effectively and efficiently. 2.4.1 Hofstedes cultural dimensions Hofstede (1980) created five dimensions to distinct countries with their respective culture backgrounds, which are Individualism-Collectivism, Power distance, Uncertainty avoidance, Masculinity-Femininity and Long term-Short term orientation. Power distance Power distance is the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power distributed unequally (Hofstede and Bond, 1984). Leaders from high power distance countries, for example, Belgium and France, are more likely to enquire the low-level employees to obey their orders blindly. What the subordinates think or achieve for the company is not important. So the authoritarian and paternalistic leadership style could be accepted in these countries. On the contrary, low power distance countries for instance, the US and UK, leaders from these countries should be resourceful democrat. And subordinates expect to be consulted and their advices to be taken seriously. They also consider hierarchy in organizations as exploitation (Yates, 2008). Therefore in these countries participative leadership style could be useful. Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid this (Hofstede, 1980). In high uncertainty avoidance countries, such as Belgium and Japan, leaders generally do not like uncertainties. They trust on experts and their knowledge, institute many rules to fulfill the high need for security and nearly have no tolerant for deviant ideas (Hodgetts, 2006). Thus, authoritarian and paternalistic leadership style could work in these countries. Conversely, in low uncertainty avoidance countries such as The United States and The United Kingdom, leaders are more of risk takers. Fewer rules are set in the organizations and deviant ideas are to some extent welcomed by the leaders. Therefore, participative leadership style could be popular in these countries. Masculinity Masculinity is defined by Hofstede (1980) to describe a situation in which the dominant values in society are success, money, and things. The other side versus the masculinity is femininity which is also defined by Hofstede (1980) as, a situation in which the dominant values in society are caring for others and the quality of life. Japan has a highly masculinity orientation. (Hodgetts et al, 2006). Leaders with this kind of cultural background are expected to be decisive, firm, assertive, aggressive and competitive culture heroes. Few of them are female. On the contrary, Russia and most of the socialist nations scores low for this dimension, such as China and France (Brandley, 1999). To support the needs of the workers and their families is the most important role of the manager with in these countries. They are employees like others. Individualism Individualism is the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family only. (Hodgetts et al, 2006) The opposite side versus individualism is collectivism which is the tendency of people to belong to groups or collectives and to look after each other in exchange for loyalty (Hodgetts et al, 2006). Most high individualism countries are wealthy countries with high GNP. However, Japan is an exception, Leaders from collectivism countries pays more attention on work in a union. Japan is a typical collective country. For example, the president of Sony Corporation, Akio Morita once said his firm likes a ship; each employee shares the same fate. All staff would suffer if one went wrong (Lee, 1982). In the contrast, individualism focuses on individuals. As an example, the USA leaders usually appraise the performance of the substance individually, because it was found by Earleys study (1989) that, American performed well when they are told their achievement would be measured individually. Long-term orientation Leaders from LTO countries are persistent, ordering relationships by status and observing this order, thrift and having a sense of shame. In the contrast, STO countries leaders are with personal steadiness and stability and reciprocation of greetings, favors, and gifts (Hofstede, 1991). Therefore, authoritarian and paternalistic leadership style could increase the efficiency of management in the LTO countries. On the contrast Participative leadership style could be efficacious in STO countries. In the background of global economics, multinational enterprises are growing rapidly. It has become a common phenomenon that a manager enter into a new countries to lead a group of people with diverse cultural background. Nike is one typical MNC among them. In the following parts, this essay will use the Nike case as an example which manifests that different countries with their respective culture backgrounds require different leadership styles. 2.4.3 Criticism Hofstede derived his data from questionnaires that were distributed among employees of IBM. However, this theory may hide certain dimensions, or values may be wrongly derived because of certain situational influences on the respondents. As a result, Hofstedes research has been criticized by other theorists. Firstly, Tayeb (1996) pointed out that this research was based on attitude-survey questionnaire which could not effectively reflect underlying values of culture. Secondly, IBM as the only sample is not representative. (Robinson, 1983) This is because IBM mainly is comprised of middle-class employees and it has a powerful US-derived organization culture, namely, the respondents may not reflect local national cultures. Thirdly, Hofstede and his associates come from Europe and America and may have cultural bias. (Roberts and Boyacigiller, 1984) Fourthly, Mead (1994) stated that Hofstedes research has been outdated whose research was conducted between 1967 and 1973. Young people have being influenced deeply by the development of globalization and they tend to share a common set of values recently. Generally speaking, despite Hofstedes model has many limitations, it is still a simple and easily comprehensible model to research nations cultural differences. 3 Company analysis 3.1 Sports products Industry relate to American National Diamond 3.1.1 Factor Conditions From the factor conditions view, there is a good home base for sports products companies in US. Firstly, concerning human resources, there are a large number of unskilled casual workers to realize the production of low-end products. However, since the wage of these casual workers is higher than other countries, some companies settle their production base in some Asia countries, just as China and Malaysia. In addition, large number of generalized and highly educated personnel can be seen as a huge treasure in US. American Dream is a motivation for all workforces that America appealed to many technicians and specialists. These skilled workforces contributed many high tech-products and innovation to sports product industry. Secondly, textile industry in US is well known in the world. Owing to this, mass variety of quality textile products is available for sports product industry, particularly for sports shoe and clothes production. Besides, advanced materials ensure the quality of sports products. Thirdly, USA is highly developed nation in terms of knowledge about clothes production. Fashion specialist and advanced physical knowledge resources are beneficial to the innovation of sports products, just like the exploitation of Nike air Jordans shoe. Referring to capital resources, USA is recognized as the first worlds economic power. Capital resources are enough for the success in start-ups of a company which is also encouraged by government. 3.1.2 Demand Conditions America has more than 300 million populations, so it has very strong demanding buyers. Concerning on sports products, most youths tend to wear sports clothes (Locke, 2002). Particularly, under the impact of NBA and NFL, young people will go after star players sports equipment. Therefore, only by motivating innovation, the company could satisfy the higher demands of the customers. The home market is large, encouraging economies of scale and investment in production facilities. As a result, an advantage will be exhibited when it move to smaller nations. As discussed before, the initial target market was youth. So, in order to gain much wider market, it will continually focus on future youth group. All in all, sophisticated home buyers provide experience and indicators of future international needs. So this industry has a potential ability to gain worldwide competitive advantage. 3.1.3 Related and supporting industries Many related and supporting industries enable the sports products industry to realize national strengths, including sports, packaging, textile equipment manufacturers, marketing, media and entertainment. Firstly, the supporting industries give the industry with a high-quality base that ensures it to own a worldwide competitive advantage all over the world. For example, USA has many famous sport unions, such as NBA, NFL and NHL. In the form of sponsorship, these sports union can serve a large platform for this industry to exhibit related sports products. It is obvious that sports product industry is coherent with the development of sports industry. In addition, the related industries support it to a large extent. Take media industry as an example, the United States has long been seen as the home of the most innovative and sophisticated media companies in the world (Porter, 1998). Consequently, such strong marketing force enables sportswear industry to gain competitive advantage and a good reputation at home and abroad. 3.1.4 Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry Sportswear industry in the USA exploits diverse strategies to adapt to the domestic business environment. In US, a large number of brands gathered in the sports product market, both from home country and foreign countries. In order to avoid the fierce rivalry caused by using similar strategy and positioning in the market, different companies induce different strategies to seek for their own survive space. As the most famous home sports brand, Nike pay much attention on the shoe innovation. In the early 1990s, Jordan began to show up as the most talented player in the basketball courts, Phil Knight, Nikes executive saw a big marketing strategy possibility (Asch Salaman, 2002). Then he exploits a product development strategy by export the image of Michael Jordan around the globe. And the Jordan air shoe help Nike adopt large portions of basketball shoe market. From then on, Nike continually sign more NBA stars and produce their star series shoes. It creates value for customers with gr eat reputation. Now that it is well-known that the NBA market is huge and profitable in the USA. So that Adidas, a foreign famous sports brand also exploit star strategy that it sign another famous star Kobe Brant to complete with Nike. The same strategy is adopted by Reebok and Converse. However, different from Nike, Adidas pay more attention to football market, even though football may not adopt a large proportion of sports market in USA. Converse intends to comparative low-price product and focus on retro products, so that it will satisfy unique group of customers. The diversity of competition strategies will help the companies to achieve competitive advantage. Nike adopts partly decentralized structure in its supermarket chain. From technology view, Nike master core technology and does not decentralize in production. However, concerning the marketing issue, each store of Nike has a store manager who is responsible to a regional manager. However, they can make certain decisions concerning their layout. Such an organizational structure can benefit the company from two aspects. For one thing, keeping the core technology could maintain its competitive advantage. For another, structure can enable the stores to response to the flexible local demand efficiently, and then can gain competitive advantage. The USAs sports products industry is highly concentrated. From relative statistic, Nike, Adidas, Reebok Converse and Puma are the major operations in this industry that occupy most 88% in the whole market. Notable that Nike it is that it adopt one third share in the market (Locke, 2002). The intense competition leads to the improvement of quality of products to some extent. In the last decade, over, the industry nearly saturated, so that the remarkable growth is extremely difficult to achieve. As a result, it becomes a push factor that encouraged operators to pay more attention to oversea market. 3.1.5 Government role and opportunity Government policies play a significant role of influence and limit the production of this industry. For example, in 1999, Nike reclaim nearly 11,000 kids shoe because the painting of the shoe contain exceed an excessive amount of Plumbum (Nike annual report, 2000). It violates the regulation of the US government. Concerning the opportunity issue, Porter (1998) suggested that chance is out of control. So entrepreneurship should be able to grasp limited chance. As discussed before, Nikes owner, Knight reasonably utilized Jordans reputation. Hence, he gained a large return by producing Jordan Air shoes. Consequently, how to handle the limited chance is important for every entrepreneurial. Overall, the US provides a favorable home base for the sports product industry. 3.2 Competitive Challenges According to the Bartlett and Ghoshals transnational theory, Nike has gained competitive advantages through effectively using the goal-means combinations. There are three major strategies adopted by Nike to achieve worldwide competitive advantages. Firstly, Nike exploiting its technology, experiences and innovations to gain more profits in the different host countries. Nike has always been committed to innovation. In the early 70s, as jogging movement gradually , Millions of people began to wear sports shoes, sports shoes do not Only comfort, but also health and the young elephant Zheng, sports shoes will be popular in the mass market. When , Led by Adidas to the iron triangle not Changes in the grip of this market trend, Nike has run into Income. 1974 Bill Perlman create a new shoes At the end, more flexible than other soles, this looks SR Single-product innovation will push the cause Knight to a New milestone. 1976, the sales from Nike In 1975 the 8.3 million U.S. dollars soared to 14 million U.S. dollars. Companies to develop new styles of running shoes and spend huge amounts of money, 7 O to the end, Nike has nearly 100 researchers, Many of them have biological, chemical, biological experiments, Engineering technology, en gineering design and other school-related school Bit. This strong research forces to develop more than 14 O Different styles of products, many of them products of the market The most innovative and the most advanced technology. These patterns are Depending on the pin-type, weight, Paosu, training programmes, Gender and different technology level. These different styles, different prices and multi-purpose products, suction Reply tens of thousands of running, his 41 ] are resistant G is to provide the most complete variety of running shoes manufacturers, a few Millions of various kinds, all kinds of ability who have run This concept, which is a rapidly growing Industry. Is a very attractive phenomenon. 1979, Nike decided to market it from the field Track and field stadium expansion ordinary family (especially Teenage boy). Create an updated, more Market and development space. In two totally different city Field operations. In order to not lose the traditional formal sports city Market circumstances. Nike to expand the attraction. Its surface A problem is in adapting to popular awareness and promote sports Achievements on how to obtain balance and consistency. To that end. Nike Decided to become an integral part of youth culture and identity as Zheng. As the basis for starting to rethink its advertising strategy Slightly. And the introduction of a new marketing model. If a publicity while Nike ads inflatable insoles, Nike ads in the film instead of blindly publicity Product performance and technological advantages in the usual way. But Adopted a new idea: by the representatives and symbolic play Pishi the famous four shell pest band performances famous songs Revolution. In the rebel plans new rhythm. Melody of. 1 Groups of Americans wear Nike products are to Ruchiruzui A fitness training this ad accurately meet The just the exercise of the changes and when the wind And trendy. To give fresh feeling. This strong Efforts to promote ways. So that Nikes market share To 33% and into the iron triangle. By 1981 Nikes market share reached 5 O%, far ahead in Adidas. This ad so successful. And it Nike to become part of corporate culture. Nike in the marketing of innovation is Sowing. It uses young people worship idols such as the Mai Keqiao Dan such as the transmission, the use of electronic game design tolerance Grams of exclusive games. Whenever the introduction of new models, that is invited A band concert, through the dissemination of entertainment to A change thinking and quality. Such dissemination of Nike Strategy, not only to raise brand awareness quickly, and And also to establish a high degree of identification with the brand equity Secondly, Nike achieved the goals of efficiency and flexibility by examining national differences. In the last several decades, Nike grow at an impressive rate by taking advantage of global sourcing opportunities to produce lower cost products and put these savings into innovative designs(Locke, 2002). In the whole global scale, Nike adopts outsourcing strategy. In Appendix, some major regional and product distribution of suppliers will be listed. Among them, the number of suppliers and contract workers in Asia countries is remarkable, particularly in Indonesia and China. In the 1980s, Nike began to source its products in factories where low wages are usually utilized. For example, in the early 1990s, Nike products were manufactured in six Indonesian factories (Locke, 2002). Many Indonesian shoe factories did not even pay the minimum daily wage: about US$1. Therefore, Nike can gain the cost advantage in its operation in Indonesian. Similarly, in China, the estimated average wage compensation is $0.57 per hour (Giggs, 2007). It is only about 3% of that in the United States. Except gaining the cost advantage, Nike also adopts many other strategies to achieve competitive advantage. Compared the national differences, China has much cheaper materials than USA. So Nike settles its base in Suzhou city in order to make use of enough Chinese cheap materials and labour forces. Besides, since the living standard differs from China and America, Nikes products are always viewed as luxury for common citizens. However, some Chinese local products have price advantage in the market. Like Li Ning and Double stars, they provide relative low price that fit Chinese current economic situation. Despite the reputation and appearance, to a certain extent, has less competitive advantage than Nike, the quality may not be necessarily lower quality than Nike since both of them are manufactured in China. Consequently, high price products s upplied by Nike may not enable to realize an impressive profit in China. But after 2000, Nike adjusts its product price in a certain range (Sun, 2003). Low price products became to access the market. As a result, Nike in 2001 witnessed an increased revenue compared 2000 at 8.7% rate through this strategy (Nike Corporate Responsibility Report, 2001). In a word, Nike recognized these national differences and exploit proper strategy, thus it can gain competitive advantage in those countries. Thirdly, Nike induces three different orientations brands: Nike, Nike 360and Nike kids to achieve flexibility in the global competition. It is well-known that Nike original products orientate the traditional sports products. Through product development and technology innovation, Nike brand has gained international reputation. In order to obtain widely market share, Nike create two new brands: Nike 360and Nike kids. Nike 360mainly provide leisure sports apparel in order to emphasize fashion conception. It adopts the latest technology, but also combines the factors of function and fashion. Whether in the office or at a party, this series clothing is suitable for wearing due to its strongly clothing style and the leisure appearance. Except selling clothes, Nike 360 also serves other accessories such bag, socks and hats. Aperiodically, Nike 360 launched limited products selling plan but only in its permitted franchised store. Nike kids orientates 5-12 year-old group (Nike Corporate Report, 2001). Obviously, it expands customer group which will increase profit. Both two newly added brands will realize high flexibility and deal with the competitive challenge. To sum up, Nike obtains competitive advantage through developing global efficiency, flexibility and worldwide learning capability simultaneously. 3.3 Collaborative challenge Nike formed various collaborative ventures in the global market. In the United State, Nike collaborates with many famous sports unions. For example, Nike has sponsored NBA and NFL for a long period (Nike Corporate Report, 1999). Every season, Nike offers relative sports equipment to NBA and NFL. In fact, it could be seen as product exhibition through NBA and NFL platform. So this collaboration does help Nike gain competitive advantages. As NBA and NFL rapid development in the global scope, Nike could be more competitive in the oversea market. Except collaboration with local sports union, from 1980s, Nike began to expand sponsorship strategy with more international sports activity (Locke, 2002). Particularly, this year, the Olympic game is held in Beijing. Nike values this opportunity and actively exploits Olympic strategy. It becomes one of official China region sponsor. Obviously, the Olympic Games have enormous impact in the world. Thus, it offers a broad platform for product promotion. From other views, collaboration with the Olympic Games testifies Nikes visibility in the international recognition. In a word, cooperation with the Olympic Games provides Nike countless potential values, including: enhancing brand image, product promotion and increasing commercial opportunity. Particularly, Chinese market is unique and complex with wide differences between different regions and towns. Thus, one reason for Nike adopting Strategic alliance is sharing cost and reducing risks. Through strategy alliance, Nike could access to partners assets. By working with a local partner, Nike could learn valuable lessons about the market. For example, Nike cooperate with an Internet distributor found by Miao Hu which focus on Nike ID- service about shoes identity design (CCBOSS, 2007). This Internet distributor offers many creative design plan to Nike, as a return, Nike realizes valuable creation and authorize this distributor to sell. With this interaction, Nike could produce and promote this kind of individual products that lead a new Nike trend in the market, as well as, enlarge scale of economies. Influenced by this fashion trend, many youth began to collect Nike ID products. For instance, Air force love series products are widely sold and it became one fashionable gift on Valentine day. It could be recognized that Nike and its partner share the knowledge and expertise so that they build reciprocal relationship and gain a considerable profit in the market. Certainly, there is a risk in the collaboration. However, Nike can take advantage of this risk to expand its business. As the example above, Nike initially only sign a short term contract with Miao Hus company (CCBOSS, 2007). Then Nike built long term cooperation with it. Hence, Nike could avoid high risk when it exploits this collaborative strategy. 3.4 Cultural challenge As an international company, the significant success of Nike was contributed to its successful strategy of international retailing (Grey, 1991). Home national culture influences this strategy to a great extent. According to Hofstede (), 4 Conclusion 5 Reference Books: Bartlett, C.A., Ghoshal, S. and Beamish, P.W., 2008. Transnational management: text, cases, and readings in cross-border management. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. Corden, W., 1994. Economic policy, exchange rates and the international system. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Daniels, J.D, Radebaugh, L.H. and Sullivan, D.P., 2007. International business: environment and operations. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Finlay, P.N., 2000. Strategic management: an introduction to business and corporate strategy. FT Prentice Hall. Green, F., 2005. Employment, wages, and unemployment. In M. Sawyer, editor, The UK economy (16th). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Griffin, R.W. and Pustay, M.W., 2005. International business: a managerial perspective. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Harrington, R.L., 2005. Money and finance. In M. Sawyer, editor, The Economy (16th). Oxford University Press. Hill,C.W.L., 1994. International business-competing in the global marketplace, internation student edition. Boston: Richard D. Irwin, Inc. Hodgette, R.M., Luthans, F. and Doh, J.P., 2006. International management culture, strategy and behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. Hofstede, G., 2001. Cultures consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. London: SAGE. Jackson, P.M., 2005. Public expenditure. In M. Sawyer, editor, The UK economy (16th). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 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Hamel, G., Doz, Y.L. and Prahalad, C.K., 1989. Collaborate with your competitors and Win. Harvard Business Review. January/ February. House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P. and Dorfman, P., 2002. Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the global: an introduction to project GLOBAL. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 3-10. Hout, T., Porter, M.E. and Rudden, E., 1982. How global companies win out. Harvard Business Review, 60(5), 98-109. Javidan, M. and House, R., 2002. Leadership and cultures around the world: findings from GLOBAL: an introduction to the special issue. Journal of World Business, 37(1): 1-2. Jon, B. and Moon, H.C., 2006. The diamond approach to the competitiveness of Koreas apparel industry; Michael Porter and Beyond. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 10(2), 195. Korman, A.K., 1985. Cultures consequences: international differences in work-related calues. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 6(3), 243-244. Levitt, T., 1983. The globalization of markets. Harvard Business Review, 61(3), 92-102. Reich, R., 1990. But now were global. Times Literary Supplement, 30 Aug, 125-126. Ruman, A.M. and Verbeke. A., 1993. How to operationalize porters diamond of International Competitiveness. The Internal Executive, 35(4), 283. Vernon, R., 1966. International investments and international trade in the product life cycle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 190-207. Warner, M., 1981. Cultures consequences. Journal of General Management, 7(1), 75-78. Yip, G.S., 1989. Global strategyin a world of nations? MIT Sloan Management Review, 31, 29`-41. https://www.ccboss.com/news_Files/hafugli/xingxi/200705180751813004332220.htm 6 Appendix Table 1: Regional Product Distribution of Suppliers Country Factories Apparel Equipment Footwear workers Argentina 4 3 0 1 436 Australia 11 9 2 0 400 Brazil 9 3 1 5 5,488 Canada 21 20 1 0 2,300 China 74 35 22 17 175,960 Dominican 5 4 1 0 3,995 Salvador 8 8 0 0 4,044 Greece 19 19 0 0 5,300 India 23 19 1 3 16,071 Indonesia 30 16 3 11 104,514 Italy 12 8 2 2 5,000 Korea 49 31 10 8 4,000 Malaysia 42 41 1 0 8,044 Mexico 41 39 0 2 12,258 Pakistan 3 2 1 0 9,880 Philippines 22 18 4 0 9,400 Portugal 23 23 0 0 1,872 Sri Lanka 16 16 0 0 10,286 Taiwan 35 24 7 4 15,600 Thailand 62 42 11 9 47,962 Turkey 16 15 1 0 7,944 UK 5 5 0 0 814 USA 131 117 14 0 13,369 Vietnam 12 7 0 5 43,414 Total 673 524 82 67 508351 Source: Nike, Corporate Responsibility Report, FY 2001 Table 2: Number of Contract Workers Region Contract Workers 2001 Asia 467,146 USA 13,369 Americas 37,514 Europe, Middle East Africa 38,693 Total 556,722 Source: Nike, Corporate Responsibility Report, FY 2001. Table 3: Factories per Region Region # of Factories Asia 401 USA 131 Americas 102 Europe, Middle East Africa 102 Total 736 Source: Nike, Corporate Responsibility Report, FY 2001.

Monday, May 18, 2020

Euphony French Pronunciation

French is a very musical language because it tends to flow from one word to the next with no hiatus (pause). In situations where euphony—agreeable or harmonious sound—doesnt happen naturally, French requires that sounds be added or words changed. As a general rule, French does not like to have a word that ends in a vowel sound followed by a word that begins with a vowel sound. The pause created between two vowel sounds, called a hiatus, is undesirable in French, so the following techniques are used to avoid it [brackets indicate pronunciation]: Contractions Contractions avoid the hiatus by dropping the vowel at the end of the first word. For example: le ami [leu a mee] becomes lami [la mee] Liaisons Liaisons transfer the normally silent sound at the end of the first word onto the beginning of the second word. For example: vous avez is pronounced [vu za vay] instead of [vu a vay] T inversion When inversion results in a verb ending in a vowel il(s), elle(s), or on, a T must be added between the two words to avoid hiatus. For example: a-il [a eel] becomes a-t-il [a teel] Special Adjective Forms Nine adjectives have special forms used in front of words that begin with a vowel. For example: ce homme [seu uhm] becomes cet homme [seh tuhm] Lon Putting l in front of on avoids the hiatus. Lon may also be used to avoid saying quon (sounds like con). For example: si on [see o(n)] becomes si lon [see lo(n)] Tu Form of the Imperative The tu form of the imperative of -er verbs drops the s, except when followed by the adverbial pronouns y or en. For example: tu penses à   lui pense à   lui [pa(n) sa lwee] penses-y [pa(n) s(eu) zee] In addition to the hiatus-avoiding techniques above, there is an additional way in which French increases euphony: enchaà ®nement. Enchaà ®nement is the transfer of the sound at the end of one word onto the word that follows, such as in the phrase belle à ¢me. The L sound at the end of belle would be pronounced even if the next word began with a consonant, which is what distinguishes enchaà ®nement from liaison. Thus, enchaà ®nement does not avoid hiatus the way liaison does, because there is no hiatus after a word that ends in a consonant sound. However, what enchaà ®nement does is make the two words flow together, so that when you say belle à ¢me, it sounds like [beh lahm] instead of [bel ahm]. Enchaà ®nement thus increases the musicality of the phrase.

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Sustainability in Houpitality Education - 4611 Words

Hospitality Research Project Part A: Research Proposal Sustainability in Hospitality Education * A Case Study - Supervisor: David Proctor Stenden Hogeschool International Hotel Management Leeuwarden The Netherlands 2011 Fei Fei Wang amp; Anjani de Graaf Stenden University of Applied Scienes, Leeuwarden 20-Jan-‘12 Declaration of personal work 1. This work is composed by us. 2. This work has not been accepted in any previous application for a degree or diploma, by me or anyone else. 3. The work of which this is a record is done wholly by us. 4. All verbatim extracts have been distinguished by quotation marks and the sources of our information have been†¦show more content†¦Research has shown that in the United States the topic of sustainability does not receive much attention in hospitality management programs (Barber et al., 2011). Furthermore, in the history of hospitality and tourism management, it has not necessarily been considered that companies in this industry were major contributors to the environmental sustainability of the world (Deale, Nichols, amp; Jacques, 2009). This all brings us to Stenden University of Applied Science, The Netherlands, where International Hospitality Management (IHM) students receive sustainability education and have the opportunity to apply it in practice. Rationale – The purpose of the study In this case study students of Stenden University of Applied Science will be studied to determine the extent to which they perceive to understand the content been taught with regard to sustainability; the content of education in which concepts, topics, and practices of sustainability are included. Furthermore, this case study engages in the aim of contributing to a better understanding of the knowledge and attitude of sustainability that IHM students already have, or should have during their study program in order to enhance their consciousness for implementing sustainability in the hospitality industry. Sustainability can be considered as the balanced collaboration between populations reaching to express its full potential without negatively disturbing the carrying capability that it depends on

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia - 1153 Words

1 / 3 Cindy Tien 3-18-15 Per.6 Schizophrenia What is Schizophrenia? Can you imagine living day by day having to hear and see things that nobody else could? You feel alone, lost and different amongst other normal people. Believe it or not, approximately twenty five million people in America have been impacted by this disease called schizophrenia. What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is mental disorder distinguished by disturbances within thought patterns, attention, and emotions. Unfortunately, there is no known cure for schizophrenia, but researchers are working hard to find effective treatments for those suffering from this terrible disease. Signs and Symptoms of Schizophrenia Schizophrenics often suffer terrifying symptoms such†¦show more content†¦Delusions are false unshakable beliefs while hallucinations are incorrect perceptions of events or objects involving senses. Thought disorders (aka disorganized thinking) are dysfunctional ways of thinking that causes a person to talk in a garbled sort of way. In addition, patients with this disorder can make up meaningless words or â€Å"neologisms.† Movement disorders can appear as agitated body movements. People that are affected with this disorder may repeat certain motions over and over. It can become so extreme that the person may become catatonic or be in a state in which he or she does not move nor respond to others. If I were to be in such a state, I would not want to have anyone trying to keep me alive because my true self wouldn t be acknowledged. Negative Symptoms Unlike positive symptoms, negative symptoms are associated with disruptions to normal emotions. Patients with negative symptoms suffer from lack of pleasure in daily life, speak very little, and have a â€Å"flat affect† or talk in a dull or monotonous voice. These symptoms are harder 2 / 3 to recognize and can be mistaken for depression or other mental disorders. Research has shown that people who experience a lot of negative symptoms function worse than those who experience positive symptoms. The reason behind this is if you cannot speak, motivate

How does the author successfully engage the interest Free Essays

How does the author successfully engage the interest of the reader in the relationship between Cooke and veronica and her way of life? By Maya_hunched How does the author successfully engage the interest of the reader in the relationship between Cooke and veronica and her way of life? The writer starts of by setting the background of the story † we had grown up together† this gibes us an idea of their relationship and how close they were as children. Veronica grew up to a poor family and so did Cooke but veronica’s family as even poorer â€Å"her family had been even poorer than mine† this gives the reader an impression of how poor they were and saying veronica was even poorer shows how harsh the conditions were. Veronica grew up to an abusive father, Cooke describes he as â€Å"brute† meaning he was evil. We will write a custom essay sample on How does the author successfully engage the interest or any similar topic only for you Order Now This shows us Just how bad her father was. Cooke was every caring and compassionate towards Veronica † I helped her fetch water from the stream and occasionally chopped firewood† Cooke was like veronica’s only fatherly figure as her dad was never around to treat her like a daughter, the only wing keeping him from protecting her was his fear of her father â€Å"night after night I would lie awake listening to her screams, cursing myself for my own physical inadequacy’ this shows he was unable to help. Veronica was very loyal to everyone in her life not Just her family, when Cooke left to go to school they were still friends Neuronal and I remained friends† she was always happy and Ignored the fact her life was not a good one â€Å"she was always pleased to see me† Veronica never got the opportunity to go to school and was curious about It UT was never Jealous of Cooke â€Å"she asked me endless questions about school and the town and what I was going to be when I grew up† she was happy for Cooke and his successes. She never seemed to new me mine† this shows she was content with her life even though she had nothing to be happy about, she didn’t have loving parents to take care of her or and education nor did she have and money. Veronica and Cooke always met by the river â€Å"the day before I left we met by the stream† The river is very symbolic, the river indicates life moving on. Veronica had ere limited opportunities and Cooke new that â€Å"not that she was likely to meet any as long as she remained where she was† She wasn’t educated meaning she will not meet a man Cooke was concerned about her â€Å"you can go to school and become a secretary’ Veronica had no one that would ever give her advice Cooke was the only person who treated her Like she should have been. L snapped a twig and threw It very symbolic, it is met to be showing Cooke and veronica as the stick and the river as life moving on. When Cooke snaps the stick it means they were on and now he is boning on in life when she is staying where she was and is never going to get anywhere where as Cooke is allowing the river to take him places. Cooke moved on but veronica was still a part of him â€Å"l never forgot veronica† how could he forget her? After all veronica had grown up with him and been a part of his childhood. Cooke eventually returned to the village for work â€Å"on the day I left I had to force her to accept a present of some money. It was as much as I could afford, but not as much as I would have liked to have been able to give her† Cooke offers her charity, he has o force her to take it this shows veronica did not was sympathy. When he returned again we went to see veronica â€Å"it was dark inside† this indicate death or her final moments. It was very difficult for Cooke to see veronica like that â€Å"l reached for her hand and held it† he was very uneasy â€Å"I’ll get you out of here, don’t worry’ he wanted veronica to live where as she wanted the opposite â€Å"there is nothing left for me in this world† she has lost a lot in her life and didn’t want to live anymore. When veronica died Cooke was devastated â€Å"l gathered her up in my arms† this makes us feel humanity â€Å"l cried that night for the terrible waste† shows tragedy. There is a change in speech threw out the story between the away Cooke speaks and veronica speaks † morbidly suspicious † Cooke is very complex with the way he speaks, shows he was educated. â€Å"l can’t Just leave my family’ Veronica uses very simple language, this shows she was not educated symbolic language â€Å"l snapped a twig and threw it in the water† this shows he was moving on and she was staying where she was. Negative diction was used † she was dead before I reached my car† By: Maya Hunched How to cite How does the author successfully engage the interest, Papers

Role in a horror movie Essay Example For Students

Role in a horror movie Essay I am going to look at two films from the horror genre The Blair witch and Panic room to what extent do these challenge any of the following womens roles, conventions of the horror, ideologies before September the 11th?  The Blair witch project follows many of the horror conventions despite its originality and I am going to explain what some of the main key aspects are. The location is placed in an isolated setting this creates suspense and danger of being trapped in a remote location of nowhere to go. The fact that this is filmed as a project documentary highlights the fact that they are investigating where they shouldnt and are looking for danger already setting enigma codes that something bad will happen connoted further with bad whether conditions. Often it is made obvious that something is going to happen like the rain or the moon which often connotes loneliness or isolation which often is seen as hopeless for a change and many bad things do happen such as slime appearing on backpacks, maps lost, sanity doomed, tents shake, laughter from a distance etc. So like most horror films it is fairly predictable we can even see this by the title it clearly states what the film is about it is a project to investigate the legend of the Blair witch but clearly dont succeed in their task. Many films do this such as long time dead investigating and awakening those who have been dead for a long time. This film investigates the fear of the unknown of not visibly being able to see the killer creating great fear for the audience as the far and frustrations grow so does the pace of the film until its finale when the tension reaches its peak and although the killer is never seen and has an inevitable ending it is clear whats happened and often it is more horrific not knowing the truth of a situation. The film is genre defining and most horrific since The exorcist as like other horror movies it conforms to the mundane conventions of the genre it sets the scene and shortly goes through a series of killings but it doesnt demolish the malefactor it is left open ended and the Malefactor wins, which connotes that society is becoming weaker and cant fight for everything and that we cant protect ourselves throughout the film nothing changes it is like a soap to the extent that it is left open ended and is left on a dis equilibrium they do not return to their daily lives as we presume that they are killed. So this has clearly connoted that we do not live in a world where we always survive sometimes things dont go the way we plan them. During the film we watch the changes of emotion as the chance of survival deteriorates with the characters used there is no sense of stereotyping used as these are fairly normal teenagers who arent speaking in dialogue using unique cinematography on cheap handheld camera all the way through where its jerkiness gives us a sense of eeriness keeping the audience on the edge of their seats especially with the lack of background music which makes the viewer believe the series of events in the documentary filmed could of really happened so anyone who has used a video camera are able to relate and identify with the characters in the film immediately. The female is cast as the role leader who makes all the decisions and is connoted as calm and in control and stronger than the male characters. In the film Scream women are either shown as a love interest or a victim who has to be protected by a strong male regardless of character here it has completely gone against this which is quite challenging for an audience and adds an extra dimension to the rhythm of the film and as hope becomes pointless this does change but the males because of their beginning vulnerability are not seen as stronger in any shape or form we can relate this to Misery where the woman who plays the malefactor is masculine in her physique wearing bold manly colours, and is rather butch and here she also wears rather dull colours of clothes which arent particularly trendy so we can relate this to the character Annie from Misery. .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335 , .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335 .postImageUrl , .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335 , .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335:hover , .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335:visited , .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335:active { border:0!important; } .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335:active , .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335 .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8bb0fa9ccbf3707bf88c8c3a89a04335:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Women and Horror in Friday the 13th EssayHowever the film Panic Room is somewhat different to this one. This is focused right in the centre of the town Manhattan known to be very busy and fashionable which would consequently have many residents with a lot of money so it isnt surprising that Meg wants to move in to a house so big but it still gives us that isolated feel as it amuses us at how huge it is, with the windows covered with curtains and lack of light it has its own character as it is almost detached from the outside world in the way that it is viewed, stuck in the past so that we almost know that something terrible will happen. The highlight of the house is the Panic room which enhances this and is rather depressing with the neon kind lighting which is the most lightened room in the house which is not welcoming because of small space and is almost the mind of the house, this being the place where all the ability and power comes from. This reminds us of times of war where we need to protect ourselves we need somewhere to hide strongly representing how terrified we are since September the 11th which connotes ideas that we now are not safe wherever we are, even our own home we are not safe and it isnt just the outside where all the danger occurs. Most of the film is set in this room as hiding from burglars who arrive rather like psycho where the majority is set in the Bates motel and does use similar atmospherics of suspense during the film. The cinematography is rather similar to past films of flinchers such as seven and fight club where the techniques the camera uses as moving through floors, doors, wall sockets and key holes create a sense of anxiety, tension and suspense eerily in the film. The light, sound and camera movement are largely important in the framing of this film.  The music at the start if the film is played by strings played adagio (slowly) creating a sense of darkness that it is quite a depressing film of isolation, electronic sounds emphasise the clock to connote how time is crucial factor how every second feels like a minute and how every second is precious and at dramatic times and when coming close to danger there is tremolo and high pitched notes to build up the tension needed in these places. The narrative is much more simple in this film in comparison to other films he has made as there are flashbacks this therefore allows us to focus entirely on the story and how the characters are to escape the situation as unlike the other film this one does end on a new equilibrium and follows both Propp and Todorovs narrative theory.  Again the representation of the woman is not stereotyped as some of the other characters are as even though she starts of weak she becomes stronger all the way through shes getting over a divorce and the us being a country with a high divorce rate will have viewers who can sympathises with her and respect her for being strong. We get to know Megs character really well as we see the real emotion inside her is weak as we see her crying in the bath as well as drinking, and having paracetemol, finding it hard to sleep. But on the outside we see her keeping strong for her daughter Sarah who has diabetes and in the case of danger we see how all along Burnham has generally cared about the safety of everyone and is seen as a hero who sacrifices his freedom by saving Megs life who is a hero in this case at a binary opposition to Raoul who only cares about the money and clearly is stereotyped as a Villain. .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d , .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d .postImageUrl , .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d , .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d:hover , .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d:visited , .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d:active { border:0!important; } .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d:active , .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u944b0b5f2c14f23fe4c7e19d8a6c057d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Emergence of Colour EssayThe police didnt save anyone are not seen as helpful in keeping with how we dont respect them as much as we used to as the only one who might be able to save us is ourselves She also is seen as courageous trying everything to escape which we almost see in relation to Jodie foster who is rather clever more than the character of Meg.  So in conclusion both these films challenge the stereotype of the Womens role even if other stereotypes are present which clearly in the panic room there is. These films are portraying very different types of horror both portraying the same issues in society that you cant protect yourself however one ends positive ly resolving issues whilst Blair witch ends on a very negatively you assume being open ended which really defines the film as more unique and spontaneous which you could almost call genre defining.